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particulate pollution high in cold air from Eastern Europe

long-range transport from Eastern Europe can contribute to exceeding limits on particulate matter in Germany. This is the result of a multi-year study of the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (IFT). The researchers compared for measurements of particulate matter in rural research station near Torgau Melpitz to the origin of air masses. In Melpitz was particulate matter PM10 concentration - this includes particles up to a diameter of 10 microns - in winter Ostanströmung with 35 micrograms per Cubic meters is about twice as high as in western flow. On some days, this leads them to cross the threshold of 50 micrograms per cubic meter for the daily mean, what must happen in accordance with EU regulation on more than 35 days a year. In a number of more than 35 exceedance days per year local authorities must take countermeasures, and as environmental zones set up. Since the decline of the regional emissions after 1990, the atmospheric long-range transport and the meeting was increasingly stagnant weather conditions especially in winter, the cause of days with elevated particulate matter concentrations in rural areas of East Germany, the researchers write in the journal Atmospheric Environment.

dry continental air masses as they arrive at East Wind in Germany favor the long-range transport of trace gases by low turbulent mixing, and often lack of leaching by rainfall. The air masses come from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine and pass on their way to the coal and industrial areas of Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic. The information of PM10 particles have a higher content of sulfate and carbon. Their mass concentration is higher than that of particles that are conveyed with West Wind - which is indicative of the influence of anthropogenic sources. In combination with stable, low exchange high-pressure weather conditions, it may be preferred in winter conditions come, which in extreme cases, the burden is already in rural areas exceeds the limit of 50 micrograms per cubic meter in the daily average. In the years 2005 to 2010 this was a total of 69 days in Melpitz the case, it accounts for only 7 days to the summer season (May to October), but 61 in the winter.
"We measure 50 km northeast of Leipzig in Melpitz since the early 1990s, the so-called background levels since the station is far away from traditional sources such as industry or traffic," says Dr. Gerald Spindler of IfT the location of the research station.
And his colleague, Dr. Wolfram IfT Birmili, the particulate matter investigated at the city level, adds: "You should make clear, however, that these 69 dramatic, because virtually comprehensive PM10 exceedances in 6 years, which means 11-12 exceedances per year, far below the EU-approved margin of 35 days per year. A far greater number of exceedances are known to occur in our city (on average 49-52 a year in Leipzig-Mitte and Leipzig-Str Lützner, based on the period 2005-2010) on the participation of local sources of particulate matter such as the traffic. When followed by the order therefore remains to avoid the release of particulate matter on the spot. And this is believed to be not least environmental zones, a useful measure, this promise is not only a slight reduction in the local PM10 concentrations, but because of the exhaust gas filtering, above all, a drastic decrease in the concentrations of diesel soot and nitrogen dioxide. "Although so-called Ostwetterlagen will occur approximately only 15% of the time of the year in Saxony it still necessary to man-made emissions in Eastern European countries to further reduce the spot. The researchers point to a corresponding action of the EU indicate that member countries. Further technical improvements, eg in the reduction of power generation and domestic heating emissions could reduce the large-scale transportation of particulate matter in Europe significantly. Moreover, that would also be significant Improve air quality in the Eastern European problem areas by themselves.

In Melpitz is also the PM2.5 and PM1 particulates (particles with a diameter of up to 2.5 or 1 micron) were measured. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were there with 15-19 micrograms per cubic meter averaged over the year 2004-2008 is already below what aspiring to EU: Since 2010, applies to PM2.5, a target of 25 micrograms per cubic meter of the year, the 2015 a binding limit value and should be tightened from 2020 to 20 micrograms.

As a general rule, the smaller the particles in the dust are the more dangerous they are healthy. Smaller particles can also difficult to measure. For PM10 there are extensive monitoring networks in Europe. With the measurement of PM2.5 was started in the states and the Federal Environment Agency. 2015 to measure the EU member countries and PM2.5. For PM1 far there is no obligation to measure and there is no nationwide monitoring network. PM1 is now measured only by individual research stations. But researchers think
already one step further: The IfT coordinates the German Observatory of Ultra-fine aerosol particles (GUAN - German Ultra Fine Aerosol Network) and leads it through specialized studies on the environmental zone in Leipzig. In this project a high emphasis on properties that relevant to the health effects of particles: These are the number concentration of ultrafine particles and their chemical composition, such as the carbon black content. Such measurements are new and not legally binding, but a clearer language to talk about the prevailing state and municipal levels of stress such as traffic fumes emanating from the particles.

via Information Wissenschaft